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For many families, navigating autism treatment options brings both hope and uncertainty. With numerous approaches available, understanding what each one offers and how it works can be overwhelming. Neurofeedback is one therapy some families consider. It involves tracking brain activity in real-time and using that information to help individuals learn to regulate specific patterns linked to focus, stress, or emotional control. Unlike medication or talk therapy , it’s non-invasive and uses sound or visual cues to guide the process. Understanding how neurofeedback fits into autism care begins with understanding what it is, how it works, and the current scientific evidence that supports it. What Is Neurofeedback Therapy for Autism Neurofeedback is a type of brain-based training that uses EEG (electroencephalogram) technology to monitor the movement of brainwaves. While the process is underway, sensors are placed on the head to check the brain's electrical messages. These signals are displayed in real-time through sound or visuals, such as when the settings in a computer game change or a sound tone is played. The goal is to help the individual learn to change patterns of brain activity that may be linked to challenges in attention, emotional regulation, or sensory processing. Neurofeedback may be relevant for individuals with a high-functioning autism brain, as well as others on the autism spectrum who experience difficulties with focus, anxiety, or behavior regulation. It is not designed to treat autism itself but may support the development of self-regulation skills. Neurofeedback vs. Other Therapies Unlike behavioral therapies such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) or developmental interventions like speech and occupational therapy, neurofeedback does not involve direct skill instruction, structured teaching, or therapist-led behavioral reinforcement. Instead, it focuses on helping the brain learn new patterns through repetition and feedback based on real-time brain activity. While a neurofeedback therapist guides the process, the sessions are typically non-verbal and do not require the individual to follow complex instructions or perform specific tasks. This means that it may be a suitable option for individuals who struggle with traditional talk-based or structured therapies, although it is not a substitute for interventions that focus on building communication or daily living skills. How Does Neurofeedback Work for Autism Neurofeedback works by measuring brainwave activity and using that information to guide the brain toward more stable or regulated patterns. During a session, an individual wears sensors for an EEG that are put on the scalp. These sensors detect electrical signals that the brain emits. and send them to a computer in real time. The person receiving the therapy watches a screen or listens to audio that changes in response to their brain activity. For example, a video may play smoothly when the brain shows patterns associated with focus or calmness and pause or change when those patterns shift. Over time, the brain learns to maintain the more regulated activity through repeated feedback. This process is designed to support self-regulation, which can help with focus, emotional control, and sensory processing — areas that can be challenging for individuals on the autism spectrum. Research on neurofeedback for autism is still in its early stages of development. A study from Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback found improvements in behavior and social functioning among children with autism following neurofeedback training. Another review in the Journal of Clinical EEG and Neuroscience suggested that neurofeedback may influence neural connectivity, which is often different in individuals with autism. However, findings vary, and more high-quality studies are needed. Neurofeedback for Children with Autism Neurofeedback may be particularly well-suited for children due to the way the developing brain responds to repeated input. In early childhood and adolescence, the brain exhibits greater neuroplasticity, allowing it to adapt and form new patterns more easily. This makes it a potentially responsive time for interventions that aim to support self-regulation. The format of neurofeedback may also be appealing to children. Sessions are non-invasive and do not involve physical discomfort or verbal instruction. Instead, children interact with visual or auditory feedback, often through video games or animated displays that respond to their brain activity. This setup can be engaging and may reduce resistance compared to therapies that require structured tasks or verbal participation. However, not all children respond the same way. Some may benefit from the feedback-based format, while others may need additional support or a different therapeutic approach. Neurofeedback is often considered one part of a broader treatment plan. How Many Sessions of Neurofeedback Are Typically Needed Neurofeedback therapy is typically delivered over a series of 20 to 40 sessions, although the exact number varies depending on the individual's goals, challenges, and progress. Most sessions last between 30 and 45 minutes and occur once to twice a week. In some cases, sessions may extend beyond 40 minutes if changes are gradual or if the individual is addressing multiple areas of concern. The process is cumulative, meaning changes tend to develop over time with consistent training and practice. Missing sessions or taking long breaks can interrupt this progress, so regular attendance is often emphasized by providers. Treatment plans are typically customized. Some individuals may show progress early, while others may require longer timelines. A qualified neurofeedback therapist typically monitors patterns in brain activity and adjusts the training protocol to meet the individual’s needs over time. Is Neurofeedback Scientifically Proven? Neurofeedback is still considered an emerging intervention in the treatment of autism. Some studies suggest potential benefits, such as improvements in attention, behavior, and social engagement. However, these studies often involve small sample sizes or lack rigorous controls, which limits the broad applicability of the results. Families considering neurofeedback should weigh current research carefully, ask questions about provider qualifications, and understand that it is not yet part of the standard set of recommended autism treatments. It may be helpful as part of a broader plan, but should not replace therapies that are strongly supported by long-term studies. How Does Neurotherapy Help with Autism Neurofeedback does not treat autism itself. Instead, it focuses on specific symptoms that often occur alongside autism. These may include challenges with attention, emotional regulation, and sensory processing. Reducing Overstimulation Sensory issues affect a lot of people on the autism spectrum more intensely. This can lead to physical discomfort, emotional stress, or behavioral outbursts in environments with loud noise, bright lights, or unpredictable changes. Neurofeedback aims to help the brain regulate its response to such stimulation. Supporting Emotional and Behavioral Self-Regulation Managing their emotions can be hard for people with autism, especially in high-stress or unfamiliar situations. Some individuals who undergo neurofeedback treatment exhibit improvements in managing frustration, navigating transitions, and controlling impulsive behaviors. The training process may help increase awareness and control of emotional responses, especially when practiced consistently.  Improving Attention and Focus Attention difficulties are common in autism and can interfere with learning, communication, and social interaction. Neurofeedback often targets brainwave patterns linked to sustained attention. Some individuals show better ability to focus during tasks, follow instructions, or stay engaged in the classroom or therapy settings after repeated sessions. Used as a Support, Not a Replacement While some people see measurable improvements in these areas, results vary. Neurofeedback is not a replacement for behavioral, developmental, or educational therapies. Instead, it may serve as a supportive tool that enhances other forms of treatment by helping the brain respond more effectively to them. What Is the Most Successful Treatment for Autism Decades of research support several evidence-based treatments for autism. These therapies are widely used and recommended by clinical guidelines because they have demonstrated consistent results across large studies and diverse populations. The most established approach is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA focuses on reinforcing specific behaviors and skills through structured interventions. It is often used to support communication, self-care, and social interaction. Other commonly recommended therapies include: Speech therapy focuses on enhancing communication skills, language development, and the social use of language. Occupational therapy addresses motor coordination, daily living skills, and sensory processing challenges. These treatments are typically delivered by licensed professionals and are customized to the individual’s developmental level and goals. Neurofeedback is not a substitute for these approaches. It does not teach functional communication, self-care routines, or academic skills. However, it may complement other therapies by helping individuals improve attention, reduce anxiety, or better manage emotional responses, factors that can affect how well someone participates in other treatment settings. Parents and caregivers are encouraged to consider an integrated care plan that includes evidence-based therapies as a foundation. Neurofeedback may be a valuable component of that plan, particularly when regulation or focus is a concern. Overview of a Scientific Explanation for Autism Autism is a neurological disorder with a complicated set of causes. Current scientific research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors influences brain development both before and after birth. Researchers have found hundreds of genes that may play a role in autism, many of which affect how brain cells communicate or organize. Environmental influences, such as prenatal conditions or early life exposures, may also play a role, particularly when combined with genetic vulnerabilities. Brain imaging and neurophysiological studies show that individuals with autism often have differences in brain connectivity and activity patterns , especially in areas related to language, sensory processing, and emotional regulation. These differences may vary across individuals, which is why autism presents in many forms. Because neurofeedback is based on tracking and training brain activity, it is being explored as one way to influence these underlying patterns. While this approach does not address the root causes of autism, it focuses on supporting brain functions, such as attention, stress response, or flexibility, that may be affected by those neurological differences.

Key Takeaways: ADHD affects focus, organization, and self-control. ADHD management is ongoing; there is no cure, but symptoms can be managed with consistent treatment and strategies. The 24-hour rule (complete tasks within a day) and the 10-3 rule (short work-break cycles) help build structure and sustain attention. Neurofeedback sessions use brainwave monitoring with real-time feedback to strengthen focus, reduce impulsivity, and improve emotional regulation. Most people require 20–40 sessions to achieve results, as outcomes build gradually. Neurofeedback is currently a cash-pay service only. Insurance does not cover neurofeedback, and reimbursement attempts have consistently been denied, creating frustration for families. Norepinephrine is important in ADHD treatment; medications increase it, while neurofeedback works by training brain activity patterns instead of altering brain chemistry. Effective ADHD management is a multimodal approach, combining medical, behavioral, lifestyle, and neurofeedback strategies tailored to individual needs. How Neurofeedback Can Help Manage ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can make it challenging to stay focused and manage impulses, often creating obstacles in school, work, or personal life. Treatment typically involves medication and behavioral therapy; however, neurofeedback is increasingly recognized as a non-invasive option that helps the brain learn to regulate itself. By examining how various treatments interact with strategies such as the 24-hour and 10-3 rules, families and individuals can gain a better understanding of the support available. Together, these approaches provide practical ways to alleviate daily challenges and foster long-term progress in managing ADHD. What is ADHD? In medical terms, ADHD stands for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, which affects how the brain manages attention, activity levels, and self-control. Core symptoms include inattention (difficulty focusing or completing tasks), impulsivity (acting quickly without considering consequences), and hyperactivity (restlessness or excessive movement). In children, this may manifest as difficulty following classroom instructions or maintaining focus and attention. Teens may struggle with organization, deadlines, or emotional regulation, while adults often face challenges with work performance, time management, and relationships. ADHD is not curable, but its symptoms can be managed with ongoing strategies, treatments, and support tailored to each stage of life. ADHD Management Rules Certain practical rules help people with ADHD build consistency and manage symptoms more effectively. 24-Hour Rule The 24-hour rule encourages completing tasks within a day rather than postponing them. For someone with ADHD, delaying even small responsibilities, like answering emails or finishing homework, can increase the chance of forgetting or avoiding them entirely. By working within a 24-hour window, individuals build a routine of addressing tasks promptly, which supports better organization and reduces the buildup of unfinished responsibilities. 10-3 Rule The 10-3 rule is a strategy for maintaining focus by balancing work and rest. A common approach is 10 minutes of concentrated work, then a 3-minute pause. For people with ADHD, this structure makes it easier to stay on track without becoming overwhelmed or fatigued. Over time, the rule can be adjusted to match a person’s concentration span, but the principle of short cycles remains the same. Top 3 Proven Treatment Approaches for ADHD ADHD is best managed through structured treatment plans that often combine medical and behavioral strategies. The three most recognized approaches are medication, behavioral therapy, coaching, and neurofeedback. Each works differently, and effectiveness can vary by age, symptoms, and individual needs. 1. Medication Medication is the most common treatment for ADHD, especially stimulant drugs like methylphenidate or amphetamines. These increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can improve focus and impulse control. Non-stimulant options are available for those who don’t tolerate stimulants well, and medication often delivers quick symptom relief. However, stimulants don’t work for everyone. ADHD can be caused by a variety of underlying factors, including different brainwave patterns and metabolic or dietary issues, which means some individuals may not respond to medication at all. 2. Behavioral Therapy & Coaching Behavioral therapy focuses on building practical skills like organization, time management, and emotional regulation. For children, parent training is often included to reinforce structure at home. Teens and adults may benefit from ADHD coaching, which supports goal-setting and accountability. Behavioral therapy and counseling approaches do not alter brain chemistry but help individuals develop strategies that reduce the impact of symptoms in daily life. 3. Neurofeedback Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapy that utilizes brainwave monitoring to help individuals develop self-regulation skills. During sessions, sensors track brain activity and provide feedback through visual or audio cues, training the brain to maintain focus and reduce impulsivity. Results develop gradually over multiple sessions, and while it is not a cure, neurofeedback can improve attention and behavior without the side effects of medication. Comparison of ADHD Treatment Approaches

Key Takeaways: In-person therapy provides deeper emotional presence, stronger non-verbal communication, and a more structured environment Privacy and focus are easier to maintain in a dedicated therapy office than in many home settings, where distractions or lack of confidentiality can impact the session. Over the past few years, virtual therapy has become a common and accepted part of mental health care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for telehealth services grew significantly. According to research published in Frontiers in Virtual Reality , nearly 90% of clinicians shifted to virtual therapy in 2020 to continue supporting clients while maintaining safety protocols. At the same time, the move away from in-person therapy has raised important questions about what might be lost when sessions take place on a screen. What Does the Research Say about Virtual Therapy? While research from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows that virtual and in-person therapy can produce similar outcomes for mild to moderate concerns, the experience can differ in more complex cases. Individuals dealing with trauma, emotional dysregulation, or chronic mental health conditions often benefit from the physical presence, safety, and connection that in-person sessions provide. This article explores the differences between virtual and in-person therapy. What is Virtual Therapy? Virtual therapy, also known as teletherapy or telehealth counseling, involves mental health sessions delivered through digital platforms. These can include video conferencing, phone calls, or even secure messaging services. Originally introduced as a way to expand access to care, virtual therapy became more widely adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic as in-person options became limited. Although the delivery method is different, the goals of virtual therapy are the same as in-person care. However, the way clients and therapists interact, and the setting in which that interaction occurs, can influence how therapy feels and functions. The Advantages of Virtual Therapy Several studies and first-hand accounts have identified clear advantages to virtual therapy: Convenience and flexibility : Clients can attend sessions from home, work, or any location where they feel comfortable and safe. This eliminates travel time and allows for easier scheduling, especially for people with tight routines or mobility issues. Improved access to care : Research from ScienceDirect and the Pakistan Journal of Education highlights how virtual therapy can reach individuals in underserved areas, including rural communities or those lacking local providers. For many, it has closed a gap in care. Continuity during disruption : Virtual formats ensure continuity of therapy during lockdowns and remain a fallback when weather, illness, or other life events interfere with in-person meetings. Lower threshold for entry : Some individuals feel less intimidated starting therapy online. The familiar home environment may reduce early anxiety and make it easier to open up. Comparable outcomes for certain conditions : For mild to moderate depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, virtual therapy can be just as effective as in-person care, especially when delivered consistently by trained professionals. The Downsides of Virtual Therapy Despite its benefits, virtual therapy is not a fit for everyone or every situation. Several drawbacks have been identified: Weaker non-verbal communication : According to research from Whole Person Integration and other sources, virtual platforms limit the therapist’s ability to observe subtle body language, energy shifts, or emotional cues. These elements often play a key role in therapeutic insight and connection. Distractions and lack of privacy : Sessions held from home can be interrupted by family members, roommates, or household noise. For individuals without a private space, it can be hard to speak openly or feel fully safe. Technology barriers : Poor internet connections, audio issues, and device limitations can interrupt sessions. For some, especially older adults or those uncomfortable with digital tools, the learning curve adds frustration. Weaker therapeutic alliance for some : Some clients report feeling less emotionally connected during online sessions. This can affect engagement, especially in therapies that rely heavily on relational dynamics. Not ideal for complex or high-risk concerns : People experiencing trauma, suicidal thoughts, or severe emotional dysregulation may not benefit as fully from remote sessions. In these cases, the physical presence and structured space of in-person therapy can offer more containment and safety. What is In-Person Therapy? In-person therapy is a traditional form of mental health counseling where a client and therapist meet in the same physical space, typically a private office or clinical setting. These sessions are held face-to-face and are scheduled at a consistent time. Unlike virtual formats, in-person therapy allows for full access to body language, facial expressions, tone, and posture. These non-verbal help therapists better understand a client’s emotional state and respond more effectively in real time. In-person therapy is especially beneficial when working with complex emotional issues such as trauma, grief, or intense anxiety, where the physical presence of a trained professional offers additional safety and support. The Advantages of In-Person Therapy Research and clinical experience consistently highlight several core strengths of in-person therapy: Stronger therapeutic alliance and non-verbal communication: The Psychotherapy Research study (2022) found that therapists were significantly more likely to notice client body language, emotional shifts, and subtle cues during in-person sessions. These non-verbal signals help therapists respond in real time with greater empathy and nuance, which can enhance the overall sense of connection and safety. Emotionally supportive environment: Being physically present in a therapist’s office can help clients feel more emotionally contained, especially during difficult sessions. The physical space becomes a boundary that holds the intensity of emotional work, which is particularly helpful for clients navigating grief, trauma, or interpersonal challenges. Better engagement and session depth: Without the interruptions of home life or screen fatigue, in-person sessions often allow for more consistent engagement, deeper insight, and increased follow-through on therapeutic goals. More effective for complex or high-intensity issues: In-person therapy is often recommended for clients managing complex trauma, dissociation, or severe emotional dysregulation. The therapist’s physical presence and ability to regulate the emotional space in real time can help de-escalate distress and provide grounding when emotions run high. Reinforces commitment and structure Making the effort to attend in-person sessions can strengthen a client’s sense of investment in the therapeutic process. The act of traveling to therapy, entering the space, and setting aside dedicated time can support accountability and reinforce therapeutic boundaries . The Challenges of In-Person Therapy While in-person therapy offers meaningful advantages, it may not meet every client’s logistical or personal needs. Key limitations include: Travel and time constraints: Commuting to therapy requires transportation, planning, and extra time. For clients balancing work, childcare, or health issues, this can become a barrier to regular attendance. Limited geographic access: Not all clients live near qualified providers. In areas where mental health services are scarce, virtual therapy may be the only viable option for ongoing care. Less flexible scheduling: Compared to virtual sessions, which may be available outside standard office hours, in-person appointments can be harder to book, especially with high-demand therapists or practices operating limited hours. Key Differences Between In-Person and Virtual Therapy  Both in-person and virtual therapy can be effective, but they offer different experiences depending on your needs, comfort, and situation. Below is a side-by-side comparison to help you understand how the two formats differ across key areas.

Key Takeaways: Resilience helps you bounce back from stress, and both your genes and life experiences play a role in how you handle it. Certain genes like COMT, BDNF, and FKBP5 may affect how your brain and body respond to stress. Your early life, lifestyle, and mental health history also shape your stress response. Epigenetics shows that stress can change how your genes work, but these changes aren’t permanent. You can build resilience by improving daily habits, learning coping skills, and getting support through therapy. Having even two caring people in your life can make a big difference in how you handle stress. Resilience is what helps us keep going when life gets hard. It's how we recover from stress, adapt to change, and move forward after difficult experiences. In therapy , building resilience is a big part of healing. But where does it come from? Some people seem to bounce back more easily than others. Is that something they learned, or were they born with it? New research suggests that our genes may play a role in how we respond to stress. Certain gene patterns could make us more or less sensitive to life’s challenges. At the same time, our environment and experiences matter too. This mix of nature and nurture shapes how we cope. Let’s take a closer look at how your genetics might influence your ability to handle stress, and how that knowledge can help support your growth. Genes That Are Involved in Stress Tolerance Some people stay calm under pressure. Others feel overwhelmed more easily. Part of this may come from our genes. Research shows that certain genes can affect how we respond to stress. They may influence how our brain and body react when we feel under pressure. Let’s look at a few key genes that scientists have studied. COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase) The COMT gene controls how your brain clears away a chemical called dopamine. Dopamine is important for your mood, focus, and how you handle challenges. You need just the right amount, not too much and not too little. Think of dopamine like a message in your brain that helps you stay alert and solve problems. COMT works like a clean-up crew that comes in and removes extra dopamine when you're done using it. People have different versions of this gene: Fast COMT: Clears away dopamine quickly. These people may feel calmer and think more clearly under stress because their brain doesn’t get overwhelmed with too much information at once. Slow COMT: Clears away dopamine slowly. These people may have more dopamine in stressful moments, which can make them feel anxious, distracted, or tense, especially in high-pressure situations. Neither version is “good” or “bad.” They just affect how your brain works when life gets stressful. BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) The BDNF gene makes a protein that helps your brain cells grow, stay strong, and connect with each other. This protein is called Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, but BDNF is easier to say. BDNF is especially important when you’re learning something new or recovering from stress. It helps your brain “bounce back” by forming new connections and repairing damage. People have different versions of the BDNF gene, too: Some versions help the brain make more of this protein. That makes it easier for the brain to adapt, grow, and heal after something stressful. Other versions make less of the protein, which can slow down recovery and make it harder to adjust when things change quickly or feel overwhelming. If someone has the version that makes less BDNF, they may need more time, support, or therapy to recover from difficult experiences. But healing is still very possible. FKBP5 (FK506 Binding Protein 5) The FKBP5 gene helps manage how your body uses cortisol, a hormone your body releases when you feel stressed or afraid. Cortisol helps your body respond in emergencies, like speeding up your heart, tightening your muscles, and helping you focus. But after the stress is over, your body needs to calm back down. FKBP5 helps with that by telling your body when to lower the cortisol levels. Some versions of FKBP5 work in a way that makes the stress response stronger or last longer: People with these versions may feel more sensitive to stress and take longer to feel calm again. They might also feel more affected by things like trauma, big life changes, or repeated stress over time. This doesn’t mean they’re weak. It just means their body stays in “stress mode” longer than others, and they may need more tools or support to feel better. Factors That Affect Stress-Proneness in Individuals Many things can shape how you respond to stress. Your genes play a part, but they don’t tell the whole story. Your life, your habits, and your past also matter. Let’s look at what can make someone more or less stress-prone. Genetics Genes affect how the body and brain respond to stress. These are instructions in your body that help control how you think, feel, and react. Some genes tell the brain to stay alert longer. Others help it calm down more quickly. For example, certain gene types, like COMT, BDNF, and FKBP5, can make a person more or less sensitive to stress. One person might have a version of a gene that clears stress chemicals from the brain slowly. That can make stressful situations feel bigger or last longer. Another person might have a gene that helps their brain return to normal more quickly, so they feel calmer after the same situation. This difference doesn’t mean one person is stronger than another. It just means their bodies respond in different ways. Early Life Experiences The way a person learns to handle stress often starts in childhood. In your early years, your brain is still growing and figuring out how the world works. During this time, your body also learns how to respond to stress. If you felt safe, loved, and cared for, especially by people you trusted, your brain learned that stress could be managed and that support was available. This helped build strong coping skills for later in life. Feeling safe could mean someone listened when you were upset, comforted you when you were scared, or helped you solve problems. These kinds of support teach children that stress doesn’t last forever and that they can ask for help when things get hard. On the other hand, if you experienced trauma, like being hurt, ignored, or surrounded by chaos, your brain may have learned to stay alert all the time. That’s because it didn’t feel safe. This can make stress feel overwhelming as you grow up, even in situations that aren’t dangerous. The “Rule of Two”, which says that children who have at least two trusted, supportive adults in their life are more likely to grow up emotionally strong, even if they face hard times. These relationships might be with parents, teachers, relatives, or anyone who shows care and consistency. Lifestyle The way you live each day shapes how your brain and body respond to stress. Even small habits, like what time you go to sleep or how often you move your body, can make a big difference in how you feel. Sleep is one of the most important parts. When you don’t get enough sleep, your brain has a harder time calming down. You may feel more upset, more tired, or less able to handle problems. Studies show that people who sleep less than 6 hours a night often feel more anxious and stressed during the day. Food also affects how your brain works. Eating lots of sugar or skipping meals can cause big changes in your energy and mood. But eating foods with healthy fats, protein, and vitamins, like fish, nuts, fruits, and vegetables can help your brain stay balanced and focused. Movemen t helps too. Regular exercise, even something as simple as walking, releases chemicals in your brain like endorphins and serotonin. These chemicals help improve mood and reduce stress. Exercise also helps you sleep better, which is another way it supports mental health. Mental Health History and Environment Past mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, or trauma can change how the brain reacts to stress. When the brain goes through repeated stress or emotional pain, it can become more sensitive to pressure later in life. This means the brain may react quickly, even during situations that feel manageable to others. For example, a person who has lived through trauma might feel panic during loud noises or fast changes in routine. Someone who has faced long-term sadness may feel tired, hopeless, or unmotivated when problems come up. These responses are based on the brain’s past experience and how it learned to protect itself. Stress levels are also affected by the environment a person lives in. Loud or unsafe neighborhoods, crowded housing, unhealthy relationships, or job instability can all create constant pressure. When these stressors continue over time, they can exhaust the brain and body. Keeping track of changes in sleep, energy, focus, or mood helps people understand their stress patterns. Paying attention to these signs can show when it’s time to reach out for help or make small changes to feel more stable and supported. Strengthening Resilience Beyond Your Genes Some people are born with genes that help them stay calm under stress. Others are more sensitive. But no matter what your genes say, resilience is something you can still build. You're not stuck with one way of reacting forever. The brain can change over time. This is called plasticity. It means the brain can learn new patterns, build new habits, and get stronger at handling stress, even after hard experiences. Therapy and daily routines can help the brain create these changes. Resilience can come from both nature and experience. Some people may start out with traits that make them more steady. Others may need more support to get there. But both paths are valid. Facing hard things, like grief, failure, or trauma, can sometimes help a person grow stronger. This doesn't mean trauma is good or helpful. But with the right care, people can learn from it and build new skills over time. Therapists often teach tools that help build resilience, such as: Practicing calm breathing or mindfulness Learning how to name and understand emotions Creating structure and routines Setting boundaries in relationships Replacing negative thoughts with more helpful ones Building resilience doesn’t always happen quickly. Some people may take longer, especially if they carry past pain or live in a stressful environment. But every small step, getting enough sleep, talking to someone you trust, practicing new coping skills, can help. Your Genes Are Just the Prologue, You Get to Write the Rest Genetics may explain why certain situations feel harder or why recovery takes longer for some people than others. But genes don’t tell the whole story. They don’t predict how you will cope tomorrow, or how you might grow in the years ahead. Resilience grows over time, shaped by daily choices, personal experiences, and the support around you. Some people build it through trusted relationships, therapy, or small habits like movement, rest, or reflection. Others may need more time, more help, or a different approach, and that’s okay. There is no single way to become more resilient. Understanding your own stress response, including your genetic tendencies, can help you find the tools that fit your needs. Whether that means seeking therapy, adjusting routines, or building new coping skills, your progress doesn’t have to look like anyone else’s. Your genes may open the story, but what follows is shaped by how you care for yourself and the support you choose to receive.

The brain has three main executive functions: working memory (which helps you remember what you’re doing at the present moment), cognitive flexibility (which helps you shift your thinking from one topic to another), and inhibition control (which helps you focus and stop yourself from saying and doing certain things). Executive dysfunction disrupts these functions, making it difficult for someone to manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. What Causes Executive Dysfunction? Researchers are still working to determine exactly what causes executive dysfunction, but studies suggest that it can result from various conditions, including: Addiction Alzheimer’s disease Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism spectrum disorder Brain tumors Cerebral hypoxia Exposure to certain toxins Dementia Depression Epilepsy Head injuries Huntington’s disease Infections Multiple sclerosis (MS) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Schizophrenia Strokes Treatment for executive dysfunction will usually depend on the condition that caused it. What Are the Symptoms of Executive Dysfunction? Executive dysfunction can produce different symptoms in different people. If you have executive dysfunction, you may: Be easily distracted Find it hard to focus on one thing Daydream when you need to pay attention Focus too much on one thing Lack impulse control Have a hard time explaining your thought processes Struggle to motivate yourself to start difficult or boring tasks Have trouble planning or completing tasks Get easily interrupted partway through tasks Find it difficult to move from one task to another Learn More About Executive Dysfunction If you think you might be experiencing executive dysfunction, we encourage you to reach out and schedule an appointment. Our experienced therapists understand the impact that executive dysfunction can have on a person’s life, and we would love the opportunity to help you overcome the challenges you’re currently facing. Contact us today to get started.

You may have heard about the benefits of setting boundaries with family, friends, and coworkers—by communicating your needs and wants, you can boost your self-esteem, prioritize your mental and emotional health, and improve your overall well-being. In the long run, boundaries can also enhance the relationships you have with those around you since they can help you feel respected instead of resentful. But did you know that there are numerous types of boundaries? Here are three of the most common: Physical boundaries – You communicate how you want to be touched and how much personal space you need. For example, you can let a colleague know that you’d rather shake hands instead of hugging or kissing. This doesn’t just apply to your body, either—you can also let your in-laws know that you don’t feel comfortable having them enter your bedroom while they’re babysitting. Material boundaries – You communicate when you’re willing to lend out money and possessions and how you want them to be treated. For instance, you can let a friend know that you can’t afford to lend them more than $100. Or, you can tell your son that he can only borrow your car if he returns it with a full tank of gas. Time boundaries – You communicate how you want to use your time. For example, you can tell your boss that you can’t stay past the end of your scheduled workday. Or, you can ask your spouse to refrain from calling and texting while you’re having dinner with friends except in case of an emergency. Start Setting Boundaries in Your Life If you need help implementing any of the boundaries described above, contact us today and ask to schedule a consultation with one of the skilled therapists on our team. We understand the many benefits that healthy boundaries can offer, and we’ll work with you to identify the steps you’ll need to take to set them in your life.

It’s well known that the teen years are the most trying time for parents. It may seem like their rebellion is personal, and that they’re determined to make your home life miserable; but in reality, this is a natural process. Your teenager is maturing both physically and emotionally, and their brain is still developing. When their frontal cortex develops in a few years, you will see a different person. Until that time however, talking to them can feel nearly impossible. Here are some tips for talking to your angry teen.  Change Your Parenting Style If you have an authoritarian parenting style, you’ll need to switch styles. An authoritarian method of parenting will cause you to butt heads with your teen, resulting in increased anger and lack of resolution. Switch your style to an authoritative style to get better reactions. An authoritative parent explains their reasoning, gives consequences while taking their child’s feelings and other circumstances into consideration, and overall puts a great deal of effort into the relationship they’re developing with their child. Frame the Conversation When it’s time to have a conversation with your teen, first frame the conversation so they know that you’re not angry. If they think you’re angry, they’re more likely to get defensive or shut down. Because they’re unable to fully control their emotions or foresee the consequences of their behavior, they’re highly reactive and will immediately become irrationally angry. To avoid this, let them know that you are irritated, disappointed, or upset, but that you’re not angry with them. Listen Overall, it’s important to keep lines of communication open with your teen. You can turn anger into dialogue by simply making an effort to listen to and understand your teen, and ensure that you heard them and understand their feelings. Trying to give advice or enforce rules can break communication down when you need it to stay open. Your teen is trying to figure out their identity as they go through many hormonal, growth and development changes that are out of their control. Understand that their anger is about asserting themselves or trying to separate themselves as an individual. This is a difficult time, and your teen needs empathy. Stay your child’s safe and secure base, so when they’ve calmed down or are growing out of this phase, they know where to come back. If you’re a parent having a difficult time with a teenager, a licensed therapist can offer support and guidance for both of you. Call my office today so we can set up a time to talk.

Back when many of us were growing up, our parents would yell at us to shut the TV off and go outside and play. Parents of generations past knew that fresh air and sunshine were ultimately healthier than watching the “boob tube.” And back then the boob tube was far gentler than it is today!  But with each passing generation of parents, the TV was not just used for entertainment, it also became the number 1 babysitter for many households. I’m sure if we’re honest, most of us would admit to sticking our kids in front of the television so we could get some work done. But there have been far too many studies that have concluded that television is harmful to our children’s development. In fact, many child psychologists and child development experts recommend that young children between the ages of 2 and 3 not be exposed to TV at all. Sadly, many parents place their young toddler in front of the TV set in hopes it will be educational for them. Just How harmful is Television to Children? It may surprise you what some studies uncovered about the effects of television viewing and children: 1. Poor Academic Performance Researchers at Columbia’s College of Physicians and Surgeons found that 14-year-olds who watched more than one hour of TV daily “were at elevated risk for poor homework completion, negative attitudes toward school, poor grades, and long-term academic failure.’’ Those kids who watched three or more hours of TV each day were at even greater risk for learning disabilities. 2. A Lower Level of Education Another study published in the American Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine found that “Increased time spent watching television during childhood and adolescence was associated with a lower level of educational attainment by early adulthood.’’ 3. Development of Bad Lifestyle Choices It’s not just education that is affected by TV viewing. The University of Michigan Health System has stated that kids who watch television are more likely to be overweight, smoke, have high cholesterol and suffer from sleep problems. 4. Teen Sex Other studies have found that teens who watch more sexual content on TV are twice as likely to be involved in underage pregnancy. What Can We Do? Be a model to our kids and get up from the TV and do something better with our time. Pursue hobbies and social activities and involve our kids as much as possible. Ban electronics at the dinner table. The kids who do well in school are those who learn to speak and listen to others. Keep TV and cellphones out of kids’ rooms so they don’t sneak watch when they should be sleeping. Pay attention to what our kids are watching and consider using parenting software to shield young children from sexual or violent content. While some of us older folks may think, “We watched TV growing up and we came out just fine,” it’s important to remember that TV viewing time back then was generally far less and the content was far different. If we want our kids to thrive and become the best they can be in the future, it may be time to make some adjustments right now.

Key Takeaways: The brain can change at any age through learning, experience, and recovery. Neuroplasticity supports healing after injuries like stroke or trauma. Daily habits— like exercise, sleep, and mindfulness— enhance brain adaptability . Negative patterns , such as addiction, also reshape the brain through plasticity. Therapies and targeted practices can help rewire unhelpful neural pathways. The human brain has long been considered one of the most complex organs in the body, and only in recent decades have we begun to truly understand its remarkable ability to adapt and change. This capacity, known as neuroplasticity, refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself—both in structure and function—throughout life. Interest in neuroplasticity has surged not only in scientific communities but also among individuals seeking to improve memory Neurodegeneration , recover from injury, or manage mental health . As research continues to evolve, so does public curiosity. But along with rising interest come common misconceptions: some believe brain adaptability only happens in childhood, while others think it's a quick fix for any cognitive issue. This article aims to clarify what neuroplasticity is, how it works, and what it means for learning, healing, and everyday life. What Is Neuroplasticity? Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to form new neural connections or modify existing ones in response to experience, learning, or injury. It’s the reason people can recover after a stroke, learn a second language, or improve motor skills through practice. Rather than being a rigid structure, the brain is more like a dynamic system—constantly updating itself based on what we do, feel, and think. A Brief History of the Concept The term " plasticity " was first introduced in the late 19th century, but it wasn’t until the mid-20th century that neuroscience began to accept that the adult brain could continue changing. Before then, the prevailing belief was that brain development halted after childhood. This shifted as brain imaging and clinical research began to show evidence of ongoing adaptability well into adulthood. Does Neuroplasticity Really Work? Yes—and there’s strong evidence to support it. Real-life examples are backed by imaging studies showing physical and functional changes in the brain over time. Stroke Recovery Supported By Brain Rewiring A 2023 fMRI study followed 15 first-stroke patients over 6 months, with five scans per patient. It found that patients who showed strong motor recovery also had significantly enhanced functional recruitment in intact brain networks—by looking at patterns of brain activity, researchers could predict who would recover — and they were right nearly 86% of the time.  Additionally, resting state fMRI (a type of brain scan taken while a person is not doing any specific task) showed improved interhemispheric functional connectivity in the motor cortex — meaning the two sides of the brain’s movement center were working together more smoothly. This improved coordination between brain hemispheres was linked to patients regaining physical function after therapy. London Taxi Drivers Hippocampal Remodeling In one classic study, 39 trainee cabbies underwent MRI scans before and after “The Knowledge” test — an intensive memorization of 25,000 streets and landmarks. The results showed that trainees who successfully passed the exam showed increased grey matter in the posterior hippocampus, the region linked to spatial memory. Control groups and those who failed did not show these changes. This striking structural change proves that even in adulthood, specialized learning can physically reshape brain regions. Musicians With Fine-Tuned Brain Anatomy A study published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience found that musical training physically reshapes the brain, particularly in regions involved in hearing, movement, and coordination. Starting young leads to more pronounced and lasting changes — even just 20 minutes of practice can trigger neural shifts. Musicians detect subtle sound differences others miss, and their brains devote more space to skilled body parts like the fingering hand. Trauma And Therapy To Prefrontal–Amygdala Changes Neuroimaging reviews show that trauma-focused psychotherapy (e.g. CBT or exposure therapy) induces measurable brain changes: Altered patterns of prefrontal cortex activation, linked to improved regulation of fear or PTSD responses. Pilot ketamine + exposure therapy in PTSD patients produced structural and functional changes during trauma memory reconsolidation. Functional neurofeedback in PTSD veterans (n=20) targeting left amygdala led to significant reduction in PTSD (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) scores (80% responded vs 38% with sham) In simple terms? Healing from trauma doesn’t just change how you feel—it can literally change how your brain works. The right kind of therapy can help rewire the circuits that keep fear and distress stuck on repeat. How Neuroplasticity Works At the core of neuroplasticity is the concept of neurons communicating and reorganizing. This happens through synaptic plasticity , where neurons form new connections or strengthen existing ones based on use. Learning, practicing, or adapting to change all influence how these synapses behave. Cortical Remapping In some cases, particularly following injury, the brain can reassign tasks to different regions—a process called cortical remapping . For example, if one part of the brain is damaged, another area may take over its functions to compensate. This adaptability is a fundamental reason why rehabilitation is possible. How Long Does It Take to Rewire the Brain? There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Simple changes, like practicing a new skill, can create measurable changes within a few weeks. More complex changes, such as those involved in recovery from injury or trauma, may take months or longer. 1. Timeframe of neuroplasticity Short-term plasticity : Seconds to minutes (e.g., temporary changes in synaptic strength) Long-term plasticity : Hours to years (e.g., learning, recovery after stroke, trauma adaptation) 2. Context of change Motor learning : Structural brain changes (like new connections in the motor cortex) can emerge after 2–4 weeks of consistent practice. Meditation : Studies show gray matter thickening in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex after just 8 weeks of mindfulness training (e.g., Hölzel et al., 2011). Stroke recovery : Functional neuroplasticity (via fMRI) is observed as early as days to weeks , but long-term rewiring can span months to years , depending on severity and rehabilitation. Language learning : fMRI and DTI studies show white matter and hippocampal changes after 3 months of immersive learning. 3. Measurement tools fMRI (functional MRI) – reveals changes in brain activation patterns over time. DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) – tracks white matter remodeling (connectivity between regions). EEG & MEG – can detect shifts in brain wave patterns within days to weeks. MRI morphometry – measures physical growth or shrinkage in brain regions over weeks to months. Consistency, repetition, emotional relevance, and quality of effort all play a role in how quickly neuroplastic changes occur. While timelines vary, the encouraging truth is that change is always possible—with time and the right conditions. Types of Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity can be categorized into two primary types: functional and structural . Both forms are essential for the brain’s ability to adapt, though they operate in different ways. Functional Plasticity: Functional plasticity is the brain’s ability to shift functions from damaged areas to undamaged ones. For example, if a stroke affects a region involved in language, another part of the brain may take over that function. This ability is particularly relevant in rehabilitation settings, where patients work to recover lost capabilities through therapy and repetition. Everyday Examples of Functional Plasticity: Relearning how to walk after a stroke Regaining speech through therapy after a brain injury Using your non-dominant hand when the dominant one is injured Adapting to vision loss by developing heightened auditory processing Bilingual individuals switching language centers depending on the language spoken Structural Plasticity: Structural plasticity involves physical changes in the brain’s architecture. This includes the growth of new connections between neurons and, in some cases, the creation of entirely new neurons. Structural plasticity is frequently associated with learning, where repeated practice leads to lasting changes in brain structure. Everyday Examples of Structural Plasticity: Learning to play a musical instrument Acquiring a new language Developing coding or technical skills at work Practicing meditation and mindfulness (linked to growth in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) Memorizing complex routines like dance choreography or sports plays Neuroplasticity vs. Neurogenesis Neurogenesis is a term you will often hear when discussing neuroplasticity; and are even used interchangeably at times. However, they describe different—yet occasionally overlapping—processes. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to rewire itself, while neurogenesis involves the creation of new neurons. Understanding their distinctions is important because many discussions about brain change, healing, and learning touch on both concepts. For example, when asking if adults can "grow" new brain cells after injury or through meditation, we're really asking whether neurogenesis plays a role—or whether neuroplasticity alone is at work. Clarifying the difference helps us better understand what kinds of brain change are actually possible at various stages of life.